Tuesday, 20 August 2019

LS Data Director for

LS Replication data from HQ to Store : First we have to install LS Data Director into the systems


Second we have to open Distribution Location Card on HO fill the detail as given below



LS Item Variant Creation

How to create item Variant:


  1. Item Variant creation with LS Retail go to the Variant Framework Click on Variant Framework Base Value.


Fig.1


2. Click on Line and Put you variant as example below Color,Size,Fuel etc. by hard attribute you can put the variant framework attribute as example given below for color Dark,light etc, click on base value have to put the framework value like in color(Red,Green,Blue) the will be your variant into the item.


Fig.2

3. After put the variant framework value you have to go to Variant Framework Code Setup and create Framework Code, as example create children in the Children Code you have to assign you Variant framework value which will be your variant with the item.
When you click on Combination the you can add your Variant Framework value into that code setup, After add just click on Refresh item setting, it will take automatically all values choose what ever you want to add into your this variant code setup.

Fig.3
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Friday, 5 July 2019

How to Add Rights in Existing Role

Adding Rights in Existing Role

Go to any form and click options > security diagnostic – you can now see all the roles,
duties and privileges that have access to this form ,You can add the privilege to a duty
or a duty to a role or a role to a user from here or note down and go back to security
configuration and add from there.

For example: to add view rights to Vendor transactions, we would need to add access to
(1) Vendor form and (2) transactions. The reason for this is that it concerns two different
forms and we need to add access to both forms.

1) Go to the form Vendor> all Vendor> options > click security diagnostic.






















  • You can now see all the out-of-the box roles, duties and privileges that already have access to this form.
  • Since we want to add view rights and also want to make sure that the user does not get too much access 
  • and that the access is related,here we add (Privilege :Maintain vendors and View Vendor) 
  • Note the name of this privilege.


2) How to add privileges to existing role.

  Go to System administration > security > security configuration > roles > select your role
  > select your duty > click on privileges > click: Add references and add the two privileges discovered in the
two steps above:(Privilege :Maintain vendors and View Vendor)






















Now you can see the impact of assigned role



Thursday, 4 July 2019

Role and Securities D365

User : Each user can be connected to one or more security roles.
Roles:The content of a role is what defines access in the application for the user. Each role contains duties.
Duty:This is a container for set of tasks that the role can execute and each duty consists of privileges.
Privileges:Each privilege is the container for a set of menu items. The exact access level 
(no access, read, update, create, correct, delete) is configuration on each menu item for each privilege 
and this configuration determines the actual access given to the role and its user.
Menu:- menu items, the privileges and security roles can also contain access to forms, tables and entities.

Create New Role :- 1. Role – 2. Duty – 3. Privilege -- 4. Menu



Privileges and Duties shows the access level granted:

Create/ Edit / Update   – Refer to access that allows edit and creation of new records.
View / Inquire – Refer to view access granted (No Edit Rights).
Process – Refers to the functions in periodic area of each module.
Maintain – Refers to access that allows edit, creation of new records as well as deletion of records.
Generate – Refers for reports / inquiries area – allows generation of reports or inquiries.


Create Role 

Go to System administration > security > security configuration > roles: click Create new. Type in the name of the role and click OK.



Create Duty

Go to System administration > security > security configuration > roles > select your role where you want to add a new duty > click Duties > create new and add reference.






Create Privilege

Go to System administration > security > security configuration > roles 
> select the role you want to add the privilege in > select the duty you want to add the privilege in > click Create new and add reference.


Select your privilege > click on the references to add the relevant reference (for example display menu items) > click add references > select the menu item and the specific properties it should have.




Access Level :- Unset, Grant, and Deny. 
Grant :- Grant means that the user has the ability to this access level for this object. 
Deny :- Deny means that the user is explicitly being denied this access. 
Unset :- Unset means you are not granting nor denying access to the object.
so if another role, duty, or privilege grants access to the object then the user will have access.
Note :- Deny access type overrides any Grants assigned to the user for this object from any role, duty, or privilege.

Publish Roles and Duty

Go to: System administration > security > security configuration > Unpublished objects


Select the security changes you want to publish and click ‘Publish selection’ or click on publish all.

Assign Roles to User

After create roles you can add to user to check how's it is working.
Go to: System administration > Users>Users select the user which you want to assign role







Wednesday, 3 July 2019

Production Quick View

1
Creation of production orders

  • Manual creation of production orders
  • Create production orders through planned production orders in Master planning
  • Create production orders directly from a sales order line

2
Production orders

  • Production groups – provide categorization for posting to the general ledger
  • Production pools – allow production orders to be grouped for scheduling
  • Quick overview of the status of the production order
  • Tracking actual production costs against estimated
  • A production order can be split into two or more orders
3
Subcontracting

  • Purchase of services from subcontractors
  • Vendor delivery note
  • Vendor account and warehouse
  • Link sub-contractor purchase orders to the production order
4
Production Bill of Materials

  • Standard BOM is copied to Production order, from where it can be modified, if needed
  • Supports Measurement formulas to calculate consumption
  • Supports negative quantity on BOM lines to handle by-products of production
5
BOM line type Each item within a BOM can be controlled by a line-type. A given item can be
handled as:

  • Sub-production
  • Phantom BOM
  • Subcontract
  • Normal item
6
Scheduling

  • Production scheduling can be done forward or backward with different dates as starting points based on lead time of raw material
  • Finite or infinite material and capacity scheduling

7
Production status A production order goes through the following steps:

  • Created
  • Estimated
  • Scheduled
  • Released
  • Started
  • Report as finished
  • Costed
8

Production status control

  • The production order can be rolled back and deleted if required until the costed stage
9
Financial integration

  • On-line updating of WIP ( items in process and work centers in process ) and actual cost to the general ledger when updated in Production
10
Production consumption

  • All consumption is reported through journals. Journals can be automatically generated and/or posted.
  • Support for pre-deduct and post-deduct of item and resource consumption
  • Scrap can be handled either as a constant or a variable
11
Multiple route versions

  • Can allocate more than one route attached to a particular item
  • Approval procedure of routes
  • Default route
  • Routes controlled by date and/or quantity range

12
Multiple BOM versions

  • Can allocate more than one BOM attached to a item
  • Approval procedure of BOMs
  • Default BOM
  • BOMs controlled by date and/or quantity range
13
Route complexity

  • Simple route (sequential)
  • Complex route (route network)
  • Simultaneous operations in route network
  • Use of primary and secondary operation in a route
  • Multiple work centers attached to the same operation
  • Allocate a work center as a subcontractor
14
Route simplicity

  • Share route information between items belonging to same item group
15
Scheduling

  • Forwards and backwards from various dates
  • Finite or infinite scheduling
  • Rough cut capacity planning
16
Production release

  • Status between scheduled and started
  • Control print of route card and route jobs
17
Ledger integration

  • Online update of WIP (items in process and work centers in process) in the general ledger when posting transactions or cost updating the production
18
Operation components

  • Queue time before operation
  • Set-up time
  • Run time
  • Transit time
  • Queue time after operation
  • Overlap quantity
  • Cost categories
  • Control multiple resources
  • Capacity load per operation
19
Scrap calculations

  • Calculate expected waste per operation as a percentage
20
Shop floor print outs

  • Route card
  • Job card
  • Print job list per work center
21
Cost tracking

  • Detailed tracking of cost related to resources and throughput
  • Include work center costs in production cost estimation
  • Ability to use automatic work center consumption when starting or finishing
22
Gantt chart

  • Graphical presentation of a production schedule
  • Enables rescheduling by dragging and dropping
23
Task group

  • Use of alternative work canters for an operation in case of scheduling overloads
  • Basic rules for which alternative work canters can be used
24
Bottleneck scheduling

  • Rescheduling can be centered on a known bottleneck
25
Job monitoring

  • Ability to track the setup job or the process job per operation
  • Report resource consumption based on job number
26
Scheduling properties

  • Schedule operations that require the same work center setup concurrently



Friday, 28 June 2019

Posting Profiles


Main Accounts Types:


The following main account types determine how a main account is used in the chart of accounts. You must select a main account type when you create a main account in the Main accounts - chart of accounts: %1 form.
  •  Profit and lossRevenue, and Expense – These main accounts are used as posting accounts. 
  • Profit and loss accounts are used to record revenue and expenses. The sum of all operating accounts determines the year-end results. 
  • Revenue and Expense main accounts have the same function as Profit and loss main accounts.
  • Balance sheetAssetLiability, and Equity – These main accounts are used as transaction accounts to record the amounts that a legal entity owns or owes. If you use AssetLiability, and Equity main accounts, the accounts can have more specification, and you can more precisely structure reports about the balance of the legal entity.
  • Total – These main accounts are used to add account intervals. Configure the Total main account type by using the Sales tax totals form, which displays the total of the group balances for all account intervals.
  •  Reporting – These main accounts are used for financial statement reporting.
  • Common – These main accounts are for accounts that are used in banks or financial institutions in China. Accounts that have a Common main account type are recorded as assets if the balance is positive and as liabilities if the balance is negative. An example of an account that has the Common main account type is a currency hedging account.

Vendor Posting Profile:

Label
Description
Posting Account



Account/Group number
If Table is selected in the Account code field, select the account number of the vendor that is associated with the posting profile. If Group is selected, select a vendor group. If All is selected, leave this field blank.
Vendor Group
Summary account
Select the ledger account that will be used as the summary account for the vendors that the posting profile relates to.
The Do not allow manual entry parameter for this main account will be marked. If you subsequently remove this account from the posting profile, validate the Do not allow manual entry setting on the Main accounts page.
Note: If the Use posting definitions option is selected on the General ledger parameters page, the transaction posting definition for vendor invoices is used instead of the summary account.
Accounts Payable -Domestic/Foreign

Settle account
Select the liquidity ledger account that is used for cash flow forecasts.
This fields are only available when cash flow forecasting is enabled.
Bank Account-INR
Sales tax prepayments
Select the account for sales tax payments that are received in advance.
Note: The posting profile that is used when the payment is marked as a prepayment is selected in the Posting profile with Prepayment journal voucher field in the Ledger and sales tax area on the Accounts payable parameters page.
Other Tax Payable
Arrival
Select the ledger account that information about unapproved vendor invoices is posted to. The information is entered in the Invoice register journal. For example, a user enters very basic information about vendor invoices when they are received in the invoice register. When the invoice register is posted, the transactions are posted to the account that is entered here and in the Offset account field. When the invoices are approved, the debt is transferred from the arrival account to the vendor summary account.
Invoice Pending Approval
Offset account
Select the ledger account that is used for offsetting unapproved vendor invoices that are updated by using the invoice register. The offset account acts as the offset account for transactions that are posted to arrival accounts. Therefore, the account contains vendor purchases that have not yet been approved.
Accounts Payable - Offset Invoice Pending Approval
Table Restriction
For transactions that have the selected posting profile, specify whether transactions will be settled automatically, interest will be calculated, and collection letters will be issued. You can also select the account that is used when transactions that have the selected posting profile are closed.

Settlement
Select this option to enable automatic settlement of transactions that have this posting profile. If this option is cleared, you must manually settle transactions by using the Settle open transactions page.

Cancel
Select this option if you want to be able to cancel transactions that have this posting profile.

Close
Select a posting profile to change to when transactions that have this posting profile are closed. A transaction is regarded as closed when it has been settled in full.


 Customer Posting Profile:

Label
Description
Posting Account



Account/Group number
If Table is selected in the Account code field, select the account number of the vendor that is associated with the posting profile. If Group is selected, select a vendor group. If All is selected, leave this field blank.
Customer Group
Summary account
Select the ledger account that will be used as the summary account for the vendors that the posting profile relates to.
The Do not allow manual entry parameter for this main account will be marked. If you subsequently remove this account from the posting profile, validate the Do not allow manual entry setting on the Main accounts page.
Note: If the Use posting definitions option is selected on the General ledger parameters page, the transaction posting definition for vendor invoices is used instead of the summary account.
Accounts Receivable -Domestic/Foreign

Settle account
Select the liquidity ledger account that is used for cash flow forecasts.
This fields are only available when cash flow forecasting is enabled.
Bank Account-INR
Sales tax prepayments
Select the account for sales tax payments that are received in advance.
Note: The posting profile that is used when the payment is marked as a prepayment is selected in the Posting profile with Prepayment journal voucher field in the Ledger and sales tax area on the Accounts payable parameters page.
Other Tax Payable
Liabilities for discount account
Select the ledger account for liabilities of discount.
Cash discount ledger
Collection letter sequence
Select the identifier of the collection letter sequence to use for customers to whom the posting profile is assigned.

Interest code
Select the interest code to use for the calculation of interest for customers to whom the posting profile is assigned.

Settlement
Select this toggle to enable automatic settlement of transactions that have this posting profile. If this toggle is cleared, you must manually settle transactions by using the Settle open transactions page or the Enter customer payments page.

Interest
Select this toggle if interest should be calculated on outstanding balances for customer accounts that use this profile. If this toggle is cleared, interest will not be calculated for these customers.

Collection letter
Select this toggle if collection letters should be generated for customer accounts that use this profile. If this toggle is cleared, collection letters will not be generated for these customers.

Close
Select a posting profile to change to when transactions that have this posting profile are closed. A transaction is regarded as closed when it has been settled in full.





Sales Order Inventory Posting:

 Cost of units, delivered
(Packing Slip)
This account should be the one which holds selling assets.
The account is credited when a packing slip is posted. The account is debited when the sales order is invoiced.
Posting type is “Order packing slip”.
Ledger transaction when a SO packing slip is updated:
Debit: Packing slip
Credit: Packing slip offset
Cost of goods sold, delivered
(Packing Slip Offset)
Usually this account is asset account that holds amount ready to receive.
The account is debited when packing slip is posted and credited when the sales order is invoiced.

Ledger transaction when a SO packing slip is updated:
Debit: Packing slip
Credit: Packing slip offset
Cost of units, invoiced
(Issue)
Must be asset account (or a valuation account for the asset account) that holds the amount of inventory sold.
Credited when the sales order is invoiced.

Ledger transaction when a SO invoice is updated:
Debit: Packing slip offset
Credit: Packing slip
Debit: Cost of Goods Sold
Credit: Inventory
Cost of goods sold, invoiced
(Consumption)
This account is an expense account and collects cost of goods sold.
The account is debited when invoice is posted.
Posting type: “Sales order consumption”.
Ledger transaction when a SO invoice is updated:
Debit: Packing slip offset
Credit: Packing slip
Debit: Cost of Goods Sold
Credit: Inventory
Revenue

The account is revenue one and holds revenue from sales. The account is credited when the invoice is posted.

Ledger transaction when a SO invoice is updated:
Debit: Packing slip revenue Credit: Packing slip rev offset Debit: A/R Summary
Credit: Revenue
Commission

This is an expense account.
The account is debited when sales invoice is posted, Posting type: “Sales, commission”. Commission amount is debited to general ledger when goods are invoiced.
Ledger transaction when a SO invoice is updated:
Debit: Commission expense Credit: Commission liability
Discount

If a discount ledger account is specified, the discount amount is debited, and the A/R summary account is debited with (Sales – Discount). If an account is not specified, then both the revenue and A/R summary account post as (Sales – discount). Posting occurs when goods are invoiced.
Note: This does not include cash discounts. Cash discounts are not recognized until the payment is processed
Debit: AR Summary (Sales-Disc) Debit: Discount
Credit: Revenue
Commission offset

This is a liability account.
The account is credited when sales invoice is posted.

Ledger transaction when a SO invoice is updated:
Debit: Commission expense Credit: Commission accrual
Deferred revenue on delivery



Deferred revenue offset on delivery



Deferred sales tax on delivery




Purchase Order Inventory Posting:

Cost of purchased materials received
(Product Receipt)
This is an asset account.
It is debited when product is received and credited when the purchase order invoiced.
Inventory Clearing Received Un Invoiced
Purchase expenditure, un-invoiced

In case of non-stocked items and procurement categories the un-invoiced purchase expenditure account will have a debit balance until the product receipt is fully invoiced. In this case you can consider setting an asset or expense account there.
In other cases, the account usually doesn’t have a balance and isn’t transferred to ledger.
Posting type is “Purchase expenditure, un-invoiced” for these transactions.
Accounts Payable Un invoiced
Cost of purchased materials invoiced
(Inventory Receipt)
This is an asset account. The account is debited when the purchase order is invoiced. Posting type is “Purchase, inventory receipt”.
Finish Goods-Receipt
Purchase expenditure for product

Usually this account doesn’t have any balance. But in some cases it can have. For example when different currency rounding logic is used or a stocked item  is returned at a different price than average cost. Purchase expenditure for product account must be specified. You can consider to set profit or loss account there.
Cost of Returned Goods
Discount

Discounts
Vendor Discounts
Fixed receipt price profit

Credit cost variance when actual cost is lower than standard cost. Used if model group is set up to use standard cost.
Fixed Receipt Price Inventory Adjustment,
Debit: Inventory – Actual Cost Debit:Std cost price offset-var.Credit: A/P Summary – Actual Credit: Std cost profit -variance
Fixed receipt price loss

Debit Cost variance when actual cost is higher than standard cost. Used if model group is set up to use standard cost.
Fixed Receipt Price Inventory Adjustment,
Debit: Inventory – Actual Cost Debit: Std loss –variance
Credit: A/P Summary – Actual Credit: Std cost profit offset-var
Fixed receipt price offset

Use this account to offset the standard cost profit or loss.
Finish Goods-Receipt,
Often this account is the same as the inventory account.
Charge

Charges can be used to track the cost related to the purchase. It can be fright, insurance, loading/unloading of goods and so on.
Misc Charges
Stock variation



Purchase, accrual

The account is for recording liability.
Is credited when the product receipt is posted and debited when the invoice is posted.
Accrued Purchased
Accrued sales tax on receipt



Fixed asset receipt



Purchase expenditure for expense

This is an expense account. The account is debited when instead of item used a procurement category in a purchase order.
Other Misc Expense
Prepayment




The accounting impact of Purchase Order :

1. Purchase Order product receipt (Or packing slip) posting.
2. On Purchase Order Invoice

PO Product Receipt

When receipt is posted, two sets of ledger entry is posted:
1.
Purchase expenditure, un-invoiced – Debit
Purchase, accrual – Credit
2.
Product receipt – Debit 
Purchase expenditure, un-invoiced – Credit 
The important thing here to notice is the set of ledgers. The first set is liability booking for vendor while the second set represents open inventory. Here we notice that Purchase expenditure, un-invoiced is offsetting both accrual and receipt but they act differently. Things will be clearer after we discuss PO Invoice accounting.

PO Invoice 

At the time of invoice, the accrual and product receipts are reversed, and main account are hit. Following are the set of entries:
1.
Purchase expenditure, un-invoiced – Credit
Purchase, accrual – Debit
Purchase expenditure for product – Debit 
Vendor balance (Accounts payable) – Credit
2.
Product receipt – Credit 
Purchase expenditure, un-invoiced – Debit
Purchase, product receipt – Debit 
Purchase expenditure for product – Credit
So here that the one set of account is vendor and other is inventory. The very important to notice here is to look closely at purchase expenditure, un-invoiced account. Please note that it is not necessary that this account balance will always be 0 which it looks like. This ledger is running separately for vendor and inventory and in case of purchase return order where the inventory is issues at weighted average cost, there is a great chance that the vendor will hit by some amount and inventory will hit by some other amount unless you use marking feature.
Remember to discuss this point with client during discussion. The second point is always maintained separate account for Purchase expenditure, un-invoiced and Purchase, product receipt as i have seen many clients preferring same account for both.

Inventory Posting:

Fixed receipt price profit

Credit the gained difference in relation to Standard cost. Offset to Inventory Profit or loss. Used if model group is set up to use standard cost.
Fixed Receipt Price Inventory Adjustment,
Inventory journal transaction to record the receipt or increase in inventory:
Debit:Receipt (Inventory@Std cost) Credit: Std cost profit (Variance)Credit: Profit (Actual cost)
Fixed receipt price loss

Debit the loss difference in relation to Standard cost. Offset to Inventory Profit or loss. Used if model group is set up to use standard cost.
Fixed Receipt Price Inventory Adjustment,
Inventory journal transaction to record the receipt or increase in inventory:
Debit: Receipt (Inventory@Std cost) Debit: Std loss (Variance)
Credit: Profit (Actual cost)
Inventory issue
(Issue)
Credit decreases to the inventory account.
Issue-Finish Goods,
Inventory journal transaction to record the issue or decrease in inventory:
Debit: Loss
Credit: Issue (Inventory)
Inventory expenditure, loss
(Loss)
Debit decreases to the inventory account.
Inventory Adjustment,
Inventory journal transaction to record the issue or decrease in inventory:
Debit: Loss
Credit: Issue (Inventory)
Inventory receipt
(Receipt)
Debit increases to the inventory account.
Finish Goods-Receipt,
Inventory journal transaction to record the receipt or increase in inventory:
Debit: Receipt (Inventory) Credit: Profit
Inventory expenditure, profit
(Profit)
Credit increases to the inventory account.
Inventory Adjustment,
Inventory journal transaction to record the receipt or increase in inventory:
Debit: Receipt (Inventory)
Credit: Profit
Inter-unit payable

If you are transferring item from one site to another or one product dimension to other, then the system checks if inter unit accounts are configured. If not it will through the error.
The posting into these accounts actually happens if there is a difference in costs between from and to dimensions (site , product dimensions).

Inter-unit receivable

If you are transferring item from one site to another or one product dimension to other, then the system checks if inter unit accounts are configured. If not it will through the error.
The posting into these accounts actually happens if there is a difference in costs between from and to dimensions (site , product dimensions).

Catch weight loss account



Catch weight profit account



Fixed asset issue

Account to be debited if item is issued to a fixed asset.

Price difference for moving average



Cost revaluation for moving average




Production Posting:
Estimated cost of materials consumed
(Packing List Issue)
If Post physical inventory in the Inventory model group and Post picking list in ledger in the Production parameters are selected, then the estimated cost of raw material inventory is credited to general ledger during the Picking list update.
The picking list journal is used to record the estimated materials needed for a production order. It can be created manually or automatically by back-flushing. Debit: Picking list offset
Credit: Picking list (Inventory)
Estimated cost of materials consumed, WIP
(Packing List Offset Account)
If Post physical inventory in the Inventory model group and Post picking list in ledger in the Production parameters are selected, then the estimated cost of raw material inventory is debited to general ledger during the Picking list update.
The picking list journal in the Production module can be created manually or automatically. See Production setup section for more information.
Debit: Picking list offset (WIP) Credit: Picking list
Estimated manufactured cost
(Report As finished Receipt)
If the Post report as finished in ledger in the Production parameters is selected, the estimated value of the finished good is debited to general ledger during the Report-as-finished update.
The Report-as-finished journal is used to record quantities completed
Debit: Report as finished (Inv) Credit: Report as finished Offset
Estimated manufactured cost, WIP
(Report As finished Offset account)
If the Post report as finished in ledger in the Production parameters is selected, the estimated value of the finished good is debited to general ledger during the Report-as-finished update.
The Report-as-finished journal is used to record quantities completed
Debit: Report as finished (Inv) Credit: Report as finished Offset
Cost of materials consumed
(Issue)
When a production order is costed, the estimated material costs previously posted are reversed. The actual cost of raw materials is credited in the general ledger.
Debit: Issue offset (WIP)
Credit: Issue (Inventory-raw material)
Cost of materials consumed, WIP
(Issue Offset Account)
When a production order is costed, the estimated material costs previously posted are reversed. The actual cost of raw materials is debited in the general ledger.
Debit: Issue offset (WIP) Credit: Issue (Inventory-raw material)
Manufactured cost
(Receipt)
When a production order is costed, the report-as-finished estimated finished good costs are reversed. The actual cost of the finished good is debited in the general ledger.
Debit: Receipt (Inventory - FG) Credit: Receipt offset account (WIP)
Manufactured cost, WIP
(Receipt offset Account)
When a production order is costed, the report-as-finished estimated finished good costs are reversed. The actual cost of the finished good is credited in the general ledger.
Debit: Receipt (Inventory - FG) Credit: Receipt offset account (WIP)
Lean service WIP receipt



Lean service WIP clearing




Standard Cost Variance Posting:

Purchase price variance

It is needed to set a purchase price variance account if you use standard costing. This account is used to post difference between standard cost and price paid for the inventory.
This account is balance one, so it can be as asset or liability. The balance of this account is usually periodically allocated on cost of goods sold, inventory, and work in process accounts.
The account is debited in case the standard cost of the purchased inventory is lower than the price paid. The account is credited if the standard cost is higher than the price.
The purchase price variances are calculated when product receipt or invoice is posted.

Inventory cost revaluation



Cost change variance



Production lot size variance



Production price variance

posts for price variance of materials or resources.

Production quantity variance

variances because of difference in quantity consumed of materials or resources.

Production substitution variance

variances because different material or resources was used.

Rounding variance

Account to be debited/credited due to rounding issues.